by Aaron G. Filler, MD, PhD
Abdominal pump, 187
Abemathy, John, 103
Adaptationists, 22
Agassiz, Alexander, 132
Agassiz, Louis, 132
Alexander the Great, 66
Allegory of the cave, 23
Alleles, 38,111-112
Allometry, 124
Alveoli, 181
Anatomy, function vs., 79-80
Andrews, Carol, 73
Antoinette, Marie, 64
Apes of the Miocene era, 200-201
Apomorphy, 116
Appel, Toby, 62
Archetype, 44,53,152
Aristotle, 22-24,28,78,129
Arthropods, 84,85-86
Arthropods, vertebrates and, 82
Auden, W. H., 47
Autenreith, Johann, 55
Axial HOMS, 136-137
Bateson, William, 109,111,112,114,251
Becquerel, Henri, 90
Begun, David, 223
Berthollet, Claude Louis, 25,64
Bilateral symmetry, 157458
Bilateria, 155-160,168
Bilinguals, 66
Biological species definition, 92
Bipedal hominiform hominoids, 195-196
Bipedalism, 219-222,252,254-255,257
Bipedalism, BHBK, 247-248
Bipedalism, explanations for, 253-254
Bipedalism, hominiform, 251-256
Bird breathing, 188
Bishop, William, 196-197
Blastopore, 38
Body axis, 14,168,253-254
Body plans, 14,16
Book of the Dead, The, 70,71,72,73,74
Bouchard, Pierre, 66
Brachiation, 202-203,232-233
Brueys, Vice-Admiral, 65
Budge, E. A. Wallis, 70,72
Cambrian explosion, the, 13,16,37,139,
140, 144,146,157
Campbell, Joseph, 63
Carroll, Sean, 258
Categorization of the animal kingdom, 78-79
Cation substitution, 142
Cell-type evolution, 135
Central nervous system, 162-163
Centrum, 173-174
Champollion, Jean-Francois, 67
Chelation buffers, 142
Chemical elements, 63,89-90
Chest wall design, 178,181
Christ, 73
Chromosomal speciation, 96-101
Chromosomes, genes and, 96-97
Chromosomic centric fusion, 102
Cinefluourography, 229,247
Cineradiography, 176-177
Cis-acting, 41
Clades, 137-146
Cladists, 12,94
Cladograms, 116-117
Clarke, Edward Daniel, 75,76
Classification, 28,78-79,115,123,129,131
Connectivity, 77
Copernicus, 63
Correns, Carl, 112
Creation, 31,68
Cretaceous period, 187
Crick, Francis, 19
Cripps, John Marten, 75
Crompton, Robin H., 247
Cross fertility, 84
Crossed nerve tracts, 82
Cuvier, George, 29,34,61,64,76--77,78-81,88,104-105
Cuvier-Geoffroy Debate, The, 62
Cyanobacterium, 148
Cycling genetic clock, 166
D'Azyr, Felix Vicq, 47
Diagonograde, 226
Dainton, Mike, 231-232
Darwin, 19,20,21,23,25,26,30,31-33,40,43,57,
62,63,81,86,90,95,102,104,109,111,113,
127,130,157,164,190,226,256
Darwinian Evolutionary Theory, 9,11-41, 61, 62, 68, 83,
91-92,102,103,140,192
Darwinian Thresholds, the, 147-150
Dawkins, Richard, 20-21,131,136
De Queiroz, Kevin, 94-95
Deacon, Terrence W., 87, 258
Defining form, the essentiality of, 50
DeRobertis, Edward, 152-153
Description de l'Egypte, 65, 68,71
Deuterostomes, 84
DeVore, Irven, 255-260
DeVries, Hugo, 112
Diagonograde posture, 207
Diagonograde, 234
Dinosaur domination, the, 13-14
Dinosaurs, 225
running and, 188-190
success and diversification of, 17
Discontinuity, homological, 113
Djed symbols, 68-69,71,72,73-74
DNA 43,87,96,14140,141-146,149-150,167,255
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 19
Dorso-ventral flip, 82,83-84
Eckermann, Johann, 55
Egypt, 65-74
Eidos, 45
Einstein, Albert, 40,63
Elizabeth I, 128
Embryogenesis, 84, 87
Embryological development, 19-21, 22
Embryological formation, 157
Embryonic ossification centers, 77, 88
Endosymbiosis, 148
Equilibrium theory, 91
Evo-devo, 12, 22, 24, 37, 87
Evolution, 127-146,157,215,256
Evolutionary biology, 20
Evolutionary Theory, 9,11-41,61,62,68,83,
91-92,102,103,140,192
Evolutionary thinking, classic vs. modern, 163
Evolutionists, 33
Extinction, 128
Faulkner, Raymond, 71,73
Faust, 45-46,58
Feet, 250-251
Fermi, Enrico, 90
Fisher, Ronald A., 19,113
Fleagle, John, 227,229-2.30,231,253-254
Flemming, Walther, 101
Flower, William, 113414,116,201,211
Fossilization, 16
Frank, Johann Peter, 55
Functionalism, 22
Fusco, Giuseppe, 167
Galileo, 63
Gametes, 95,101-102
Gardiner, A H., 72-73
Gebo, Daniel, 202,205,232
Gene spread, 95-96
Gene transfer, 147-149
General homology, 108,109
Genetic clock, cycling, 166
Genetic gradients, 166
Genetics, 112-113,241
Genetics, population, 113
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne, 11, 15, 21, 24-25,
26-27,29,33-34,38,40,61-88,
104-108,133,152,154,156,253
Geoffroy, Isidore, 75,76
Ghiselin, Michael, 127-130
God, creation by, 31
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 11, 24-25,26-27, 31,
33-34,36,40,43-59,62,86, 89,105,133,152, 154,164,168,172
Goethe, Oken and, 53-59
Grobben, Karl, 84
Gould, Stephen Jay, 21,22,36,39,91,94,122,
127,130-134,137,138,256
Great Academy Debate of 1830, the, 61-62,79,104
Hahn, Otto, 90
Hamilton, William Richard, 75
Hauy, Rene-Just, 61,63,64
Hawkins, Waterhouse, 225
Heel-strike walking, 221
Hennig, Will, 93-95,106,108,116,118-125
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 50,53,56
Herder, Karoline, 56
Hero with a Thousand Faces, 63
Heterobranchus, 77
Hieroglyphics, 66,68,69-70,72,73
High Order Modules (HOMs), 122,123-124,
127,133,134,135-137,146,166,192,257
History of Life, the, 11-41,66,82,149,172,256,259
HIV virus, 141-146
Hobbes, Thomas, 128-130
Holderlin, Friedrich, 56
Holophyly, 120
Home, Everard, 103
Homeobox, 145
Homeobox genes, 153
Homeodomain, 145
Homeotic specialization, 191
Hominiform bipedalism, 251-256
Hominiforms, 192
Hominoid lumbar regions, 244
Hominoids, 199-200
Hominoids, homeotics and, 239-245
Homological discontinuity, 113
Homological transmutation, 113
Homology of bones, 77
Homology paradigm, failure of the, 114
Homology, 30,81,88,103-125,211,226
Homoplasy, 108
HOMs, axial, 136-137
Horizontal gene transfer, 147-148,149
Horus, 68,70
Hox genes, 26,34,37,41,43,68,70,77,79,80,87,
104,107,109,113,122,123,125,135-137,140,
145,146,150,152,153,156-157,161-166,172,
173,191-192,193,255
Human intelligence, 87
Human lineage, the transformation that launched the, 14
Humanian model, 208
Hunter, John, 103-104,201
Hutchinson, John Hely, 75-76
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 31
Hylobatian Theory, 201-204
Hylobatid divergence, 214
Hylobatid lumbar reversion, 205
Hylobatids, 204-205,243
Hylobatian model, 209 Hyoid, 104-105
Ichthyostega, 169-170
Iliac crest, 250
Intelligent Design, 68
Intercentrum, 173-174
Isis, 68,70,71,73
Italian Journey, 47
Jackson, Elizabeth, 47
Jenkins, Farish A., 229-230,231,247
Jenner, Ronald, 86,87
Johanson, Don, 249
Kant, 59
Keith, Arthur, 201-204,207,209,242
Kielmeyer, Carl Friederich, 55
Knuckle-walking, 207,225-238
Kohler, Meike, 247
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 61,
Laminapophysis, 185
Land vertebrates, homeotic evolution in,169-190
Laplace, 25
Last Universal Common Ancestor, 149-150
Lavoisier, Antoine, 24-25,43,45,63-64,89
Lever, Andrew, 141-144
Leviathan, 128
Lewis, Owen J., 227,229-230
Lichtneckert, 162,163
LIM domain, 145
Linnaeus, Carolus, 28-29,115,129
Locomotion in invertebrates, 160
Locomotion,
hominoid, 198-208
mammalian, 176-178
Morotopithecus, 219-222
quadrupedal, 234,244,247
vertebrate, 174-176
Lovejoy, Owen, 247,251-252
LTP, embryology of, 210
Lumbar back muscles, 249-250
Lumbar configurations of the great apes, 239
Lumbar transverse process,
the transmutation of, 208-219
Lumbar transverse processes (LTPs), 209, 213,
214-215,217,236-237,244,257
Lung structure, 181
Lyell, Charles, 91
Macho, Gabrielle, 231-232
MacLatchy, Laura, 198,220
Macroevolution, 131
Magnetic Resonance Neurography, 9,242,243
Mammalian breathing, 187-188
Mammalian design, alteration of the basic, 215,217
Mammalian takeover, the, 14
Mammals, the diversification of, 14
Materials for the Study of Variation, 111,241
Mayer, Elizabeth, 47
Mayr, Ernst, 21,86,92,93-95,118,120-125
Meckel, Johann, 27
Meier, 33,167
Meiosis, 95,100,101-102
Meitner, Lise, 90
Mendel, Gregor, 19,79,102,111-113,241
Mendeleev, 89
Menou, Jacques Francois, 66,74-76
Meristic changes, 242
Mesozoic mammals, 217
Metamer, 133
Metazoans, 150
Minelli, Alessandro, 167
Mirror mutation, 157
Mitosis, 100
Modern Synthesis, 19,20,95,102,123,157
Modification, 15
Modularity Theory, 11-41,127-146
Modularity, 24
Monomer, 53
Monophyly, 120
Monotremes, 181,183, 185
Montagu, John, 66
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 101
Moroto 11,196, 196,197
Moroto transformation, 257
Moroto vertebra, 196-198,209
Morphogenetic genes, 193
Morphological genetics, 20
Morphology, 107,122
Morphospace, 36
Moya-Sola, Salvador, 247
Napoleon, 64-65,75,73
Natural selection, 15-16,17,19,38,81,130,
148, 157,190,201
Naturalists, 33
Naturphilosophie, 57
Nelson, Horatio, 65
Neomorphic laminapophysis, 211
Nephthys, 70
Nerve tracts, crossed, 82
Neural arch, 173
Neural crest cells, 167
Newton, Isaac, 40,58,63
NHP SREs, 173
Nietzche, 55
Nodal, 84
Observation, 35-36
Oken, Lorenz, 26-27,53-59
Omar, 76
Origin of biological descent, the, 12
Origin of Species, The, 11,21,26, 31, 57,81,
91,92,109,226
Origin of vertebrates, the, 13
Ornithopoda, 190
Orthograde, 234
Osiris, 68,70,71, 72,73
Ossification, 88
Owen, Richard, 29-33,80-81,90-91 ,103-107,
108-109,114,129,201,225-227,229
Parcelation, 33
Pax gene, 150,152,156,255,259,191-192,193
Pax1 gene, 193,254
Pax9 gene, 254
Pearson, Karl, 112
Periodic table of elements, 24,89
Phenetics, 124
Photosynthesis, 148,256
Phylogenetic Systematics, 93
PhyloCode, 120,122,125
Phylogenetics relationships, 93
Pilbeam, David, 9,209,242,251
Pinch, Geraldine, 73
Plato, 22-24,45,58
Platonism, 108
Pleiomorphic changes, 124
Pleiotropic event, 193
Plesiomorphy, 116
Pleurocentrum, 174
Plutarch, 71
Polypterus, 65,72,77,79
Pongids, 206
Population genetics, 113
Posture, 208-209,226,234,252,259-260
Preuschoft, 252
Primal Plant, the, 49-50,51-53
Primate Adaptation and Evolution, 253
Proconsul, 196
Pronograde primates, 255
Pronograde, 234
Proteus concept, 26,44-45
Ptolemy Epiphanes, 67
Protostomes, 84
Punctuated equilibria, 39
Quadrupedal ape stage, 195
Quadrupedalism, 254-255
Regionalization, 169
Reichert, 82,162,163
Remak, 31
Reproductive barrier, 93
Reproductive isolation, 95
Reverse transcriptase, 142-144
Rib cage of mammals, 183-185
Richmond, Brian, 230-231,232
RNA, 141-144,149-150
Rook, Lorenzo, 247
Rose, Michael, 18,197
Rosetta Stone, 65-67,68,74,76
Running, 251
Running, breathing while, 178-186
Rutherford, Ernest, 89-90
Ruvolo, Maryellen, 232
Sacrum, 250
Sasai, Yoshiki, 152-153
Schaeffer, Daniel, 47
Schelling, Friedrich, 56,57,59
Schiller, Friedrich von, 56-57
Schultz, Adolph, 242
Segmental duplication, 158
Segmentation, 151-152154,155-156,157,168
Selfish Gene, The, 131
Serial homology, 108,109
Seth, 70
Simeone, 82
Simpson, Gaylord, 91-92
Smith, Edwin, 70-71
Somites, 135,156,164-168
Somitomeres, 33, 168
Soret, Frederic, 62
Special homology, 108,109
Speciation, 15,38,83,89-102,128,158
Spinal adaptation, 234-238
Spinal number changes, 241-245
Spine, 169-172,208-209
Stanley, Steven, 91
Steiner, Rudolf, 55
Stern, Jack, 205, 230,234
Stollewerk, Angelika 152,156
Strait, David, 230-231,232
Structure of Evolutionary Theory, The 127,130
Struhl, Gary, 34
Styloid, 211
Symbolic Species, The, 87
Symplesiomorphy, 116,118,139
Synapomorphy, 116
Systema Naturae, 28
Systematics, 103-125
Tam, 33,167
Teeth, 155
Teleology, 81
Terminal addition, 13,155-156,157
Tetrapods, 175
Thrinaxodon, 18
Tomb of Alexander, 75
Transmutation, 19,89-92
Troglodytian Model, 206
Tuttle, Russell, 207,209,227,229,231,233
Typology, 22,52,129,130
Urbilaterian, 152-156
Urkaryotes, 148,149
Vereecke, Evie, 204-205
Vertebrae, 147-168
Vertebrae, architecture of the, 172-174
Vertebral archetype concept, 27
Vertebral theory of the skull, 168
Vertebral theory, rejection of, 31
Vertebrates, homeotic evolution in land, 169-190
Vertebrates, the origin of, 13,16-17,81-88
Vertical gene transfer, 148
Vicq d'Azyr, Felix, 64
Visionary Naturalist, A, 82
Voigt, Friedrich Siegmund, 56
Von Kaib, Charlotte, 55-57
Von Tschermak, Erich, 112
Walker, Alan, 18,197,200
Wallace, Russell, 57
Wang, Weijie, 247
Ward, Carol, 200,239
Washburn, Sherwood 206-207, 229, 232, 259
Watson, James, 19
Weight-bearing, 235-236
Weismann, August, 101
Weldon, F. R., 112
Woese, Carl, 87,147-148
Woodward, John, 66
Wrists, 229-230
X-rays, 230-231, 242,243,247
Young, Thomas, 67
Zur Morphologie, 54